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- Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia; also known as giant redwood, Sierra redwood, Sierran redwood, Wellingtonia or simply Big Tree—a nickname used by John Muir.
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Sequoiadendron giganteum - Wikipedia. Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia; also known as giant redwood, Sierra redwood, Sierran redwood, Wellingtonia or simply Big Tree—a nickname used by John Muir[2]) is the sole living species in the genus Sequoiadendron, and one of three species of coniferoustrees known as redwoods, classified in the family Cupressaceae in the subfamily Sequoioideae, together with Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood). The common use of the name sequoia generally refers to Sequoiadendron giganteum, which occurs naturally only in groves on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. The etymology of the genus name has been presumed—initially in The Yosemite Book by Josiah Whitney in 1. Sequoyah (1. 76. 7–1. Cherokee syllabary.[4] An etymological study published in 2. Latin sequi (meaning to follow) since the number of seeds per cone in the newly- classified genus fell in mathematical sequence with the other four genera in the suborder.[5]Description[edit].
Leaves of Sequoiadendron giganteum. Giant sequoias are the world's largest single trees and largest living thing by volume. Giant sequoias grow to an average height of 5. Record trees have been measured to be 9. Claims of 1. 7 m (5. Between 2. 01. 4 and 2.
The oldest known giant sequoia based on ring count is 3,5. Giant Sequoias are among the oldest living things on Earth. Sequoia bark is fibrous, furrowed, and may be 9.
It provides significant fire protection for the trees. The leaves are evergreen, awl- shaped, 3–6 millimetres (0. The seed cones are 4–7 centimetres (1.
The seed is dark brown, 4–5 millimetres (0. Some seeds are shed when the cone scales shrink during hot weather in late summer, but most are liberated when the cone dries from fire heat or is damaged by insects. Giant sequoia cones and seed. The giant sequoia regenerates by seed.
Young trees start to bear cones at the age of 1. Trees up to about 2. Giant sequoias of all ages may sprout from their boles when branches are lost to fire or breakage. At any given time, a large tree may be expected to have about 1. Cone production is greatest in the upper portion of the canopy. A mature giant sequoia has been estimated to disperse 3. The winged seeds may be carried up to 1.
Lower branches die fairly readily from shading, but trees less than 1. Trunks of mature trees in groves are generally free of branches to a height of 2. Biology[edit]Because of its size, the tree has been studied for its water pull. Water from the roots can be pushed up only a few meters by osmotic pressure but can reach extreme heights by using a system of branching capillarity (capillary action) in the tree's xylem (the water tubules) and sub- pressure from evaporating water at the leaves.[8] Sequoias supplement water from the soil with fog, taken up through air roots, at heights to where the root water cannot be pulled.[9]Distribution[edit]The natural distribution of giant sequoias is restricted to a limited area of the western Sierra Nevada, California. They occur in scattered groves, with a total of 6. Nowhere does it grow in pure stands, although in a few small areas, stands do approach a pure condition.
The northern two- thirds of its range, from the American River in Placer County southward to the Kings River, has only eight disjunct groves. The remaining southern groves are concentrated between the Kings River and the Deer Creek Grove in southern Tulare County.
Groves range in size from 1. Many are protected in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and Giant Sequoia National Monument. The giant sequoia is usually found in a humid climate characterized by dry summers and snowy winters. Most giant sequoia groves are on granitic- based residual and alluvial soils. The elevation of the giant sequoia groves generally ranges from 1,4. Giant sequoias generally occur on the south- facing sides of northern mountains, and on the northern faces of more southerly slopes.
High levels of reproduction are not necessary to maintain the present population levels. Few groves, however, have sufficient young trees to maintain the present density of mature giant sequoias for the future. The majority of giant sequoias are currently undergoing a gradual decline in density since European settlement. While the present day distribution of this species is limited to a small area of California, it was once much more widely distributed in prehistoric times, and was a reasonably common species in North American and Eurasian coniferous forests until its range was greatly reduced by the last ice age. Older fossil specimens reliably identified as giant sequoia have been found in Cretaceous era sediments from a number of sites in North America and Europe, and even as far afield as New Zealand[1. Australia.[1. 1]Ecology[edit].
Two giant sequoias, Sequoia National Park. Note the large fire scar at the base of the right- hand tree; fires do not typically kill the trees but do remove competing thin- barked species, and aid giant sequoia regeneration. Giant sequoias are in many ways adapted to forest fires. Their bark is unusually fire resistant, and their cones will normally open immediately after a fire.[1. The giant sequoias are having difficulty reproducing in their original habitat (and very rarely reproduce in cultivation) due to the seeds only being able to grow successfully in full sun and in mineral- rich soils, free from competing vegetation. Although the seeds can germinate in moist needle humus in the spring, these seedlings will die as the duff dries in the summer. They therefore require periodic wildfire to clear competing vegetation and soil humus before successful regeneration can occur.
Without fire, shade- loving species will crowd out young sequoia seedlings, and sequoia seeds will not germinate. When fully grown, these trees typically require large amounts of water and are therefore often concentrated near streams. Fires also bring hot air high into the canopy via convection, which in turn dries and opens the cones. The subsequent release of large quantities of seeds coincides with the optimal postfire seedbed conditions.
Loose ground ash may also act as a cover to protect the fallen seeds from ultraviolet radiation damage. Due to fire suppression efforts and livestock grazing during the early and mid 2. The suppression of fires also led to ground fuel build- up and the dense growth of fire- sensitive white fir. This increased the risk of more intense fires that can use the firs as ladders to threaten mature giant sequoia crowns. Natural fires may also be important in keeping carpenter ants in check. In 1. 97. 0, the National Park Service began controlled burns of its groves to correct these problems. Current policies also allow natural fires to burn.
One of these untamed burns severely damaged the second- largest tree in the world, the Washington tree, in September 2. This damage made it unable to withstand the snowstorm of January 2. In addition to fire, two animal agents also assist giant sequoia seed release. The more significant of the two is a longhorn beetle (Phymatodes nitidus) that lays eggs on the cones, into which the larvae then bore holes. This cuts the vascular water supply to the cone scales, allowing the cones to dry and open for the seeds to fall. Cones damaged by the beetles during the summer will slowly open over the next several months. Some research indicates many cones, particularly higher in the crowns, may need to be partially dried by beetle damage before fire can fully open them.
The other agent is the Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasi) that gnaws on the fleshy green scales of younger cones. The squirrels are active year round, and some seeds are dislodged and dropped as the cone is eaten.[1.
Discovery and naming[edit]. Shortly after their discovery by Europeans, giant sequoias were subject to much exhibition. The giant sequoia was well known to Native American tribes living in its area. Native American names for the species include wawona, toos- pung- ish and hea- mi- withic, the latter two in the language of the Tule River Tribe. The first reference to the giant sequoia by Europeans is in 1.
J. K. Leonard; the reference does not mention any locality, but his route would have taken him through the Calaveras Grove.[1. This discovery was not publicized. The next European to see the species was John M.
Wooster, who carved his initials in the bark of the 'Hercules' tree in the Calaveras Grove in 1. Much more publicity was given to the "discovery" by Augustus T. Dowd of the Calaveras Grove in 1. The tree found by Dowd, christened the 'Discovery Tree', was felled in 1.
The first scientific naming of the species was by John Lindley in December 1. Wellingtonia gigantea, without realizing this was an invalid name under the botanical code as the name Wellingtonia had already been used earlier for another unrelated plant (Wellingtonia arnottiana in the family Sabiaceae). The name "Wellingtonia" has persisted in England as a common name.[1. The following year, Joseph Decaisne transferred it to the same genus as the coast redwood, naming it Sequoia gigantea, but again this name was invalid, having been applied earlier (in 1. Endlicher) to the coast redwood. The name Washingtonia californica was also applied to it by Winslow in 1.
Washingtonia. In 1. Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze in the otherwise fossil genus Steinhauera, but doubt as to whether the giant sequoia is related to the fossil originally so named makes this name invalid. The nomenclatural oversights were finally corrected in 1. J. Buchholz, who also pointed out the giant sequoia is distinct from the coast redwood at the genus level and coined the name Sequoiadendron giganteum for it. The etymology of the genus name has been presumed—initially in The Yosemite Book by Josiah Whitney in 1. Sequoyah (1. 76. 7–1.
Cherokee syllabary.[4] An etymological study published in 2.
Basic Information - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks (U. S. National Park Service)Zumwalt Meadow Trail Donald Quintana. Seeing these parks involves going up in elevation; the sequoias grow about one mile higher than the orchards of the San Joaquin Valley.
Weather varies a lot from low to high! Snow may close the Generals Highway between the parks while flowers bloom in the foothills. Some roads open only in summer and fall, and some have limitations on the length of vehicles permitted. Check what's open before you come, and be prepared for changing conditions and availability of facilities due to weather or other circumstances. Eating & Sleeping. There are many options for camping, lodging, and restaurants in these parks. Things to Do. Check here for details about ranger programs, day hikes,wilderness trips,winter activites, and more.
Places to Go. Visitor services are concentrated in five different areas: Grant Grove, Giant Forest, and Foothills areas stay open all year. Cedar Grove and Mineral King open from late spring to early fall. Campgrounds are open in all areas spring through fall; some stay open in winter. Find lodging and other services at Grant Grove, Giant Forest, and Wuksachi year- round, and at Cedar Grove during summer and early fall. Lodging, camping, and other services are also available in the national forests and communities bordering the parks. These parks are home to black bears.
Bears can grab unattended food or break into cars that have food in them. They become bold and sometimes aggressive in attempts to get more. Too often these bears must be killed. Follow food- storage rules during your visit.
If you camp, be prepared to remove all food and scented items from your vehicle. Operating Hours & Seasons.
Elevation varies by over a mile along the roadways of these parks, and seasons have a big impact on the availability of some features and facilities. Current Conditions. Check here for weather forecasts, road advisories, and other up- to- date information. Shuttle Services. Park and ride! In summer, shuttles operate within Sequoia National Park and can bring you to the park from nearby towns. Shuttles also run during some winter holidays.
Park Newspaper. The park newspaper, the Guide, is a good place to start when planning a visit. It includes phone numbers, opening/closing dates, and information on camping, lodging, dining, shopping, showers, activities, attractions, hiking trails, wilderness permits, food storage, safety, road- construction delays, where to find gasoline, vehicle- length advisories, shuttle service, a park map, and more. Free Ranger- led Programs. Join us for a walk, talk, or campfire program! Programs are offered year- round.
News Releases. Get updates on special events, conditions, road- construction delay schedules, fee- free dates, fire information, public comment opportunities, and more. Permits & Reservations. Some special activities in these parks require a permit, such as camping in the wilderness, commercial tours, filming, or scientific research. Check this page for information about different permit types and instructions on how to apply. Crystal Cave. Discover the underground world of Sequoia National Park on a tour of a marble cavern. Crystal Cave is open from May until late fall. Tours are managed by the Sequoia Parks Conservancy and schedules and ticket information are available on their website.
Tickets are sold online, not at the cave). Accessibility. If you or someone you are traveling with has with mobility or sensory impairments, there are trails, programs, and other options that are right for you. You can also ask for accessibility information at any visitor center.
Pets. Only designated service dogs may go in park buildings or on trails. Rules for pets vary between national parks and the surrounding national forests. Stay Safe in the Parks. Your safety is your responsibility.
Before you visit, learn about hazards you may encounter in natural areas. Gasoline & Emergency Automobile Services.
No gas stations or repair shops are inside park boundaries. Gas and emergency vehicle services are available nearby in national forests. Fire & Your Visit. As fire danger increases in summer, restrictions on fire may begin, including limits on campfires, barbeques, smoking, and wilderness campfires. To learn about how the park manages fire and its role in keeping sequoia groves healthy, visit ourprescribed- fire web page. National Parks vs.
National Forests. Sequoia National Forest and Sierra National Forest both border these national parks. If you drive the Generals Highway between Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, you'll cross national forest lands, which are managed by a different agency.
Some rules vary between national parks and national forests. Weapons & Firearms in the Parks. Weapons (including, but not limited to, BB, pellet and paint guns; bow/arrow, slingshots, bear spray, and other compressed- gas irritant devices) are illegal to possess. No firearms, including concealed- carry, are allowed in any federal building. Discharge of a firearm or weapon is prohibited within Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.